Routine male neonatal circumcision and risk of infection with HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Increased mortality in children with mild vitamin A deficiency. Impact of vitamin A supplementa-tion on childhood mortality. A randomised controlled community trial. et al. EVectiveness of vitamin A supple-mentation in the control of young child morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. of massive dose vitamin A on morbidity and mortality in Indian children. EVect of vitamin A supplemen-tation on diarrhoea and acute lower-respiratory-tract infections in young children in Brazil. A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. A supple-mentation enhances specific IgG antibody levels and total lymphocyte numbers while improving morbidity in measles. Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: a meta-analysis of data from field trials to assess the impact of vitamin A sup-plementation on pneumonia morbidity and mortality. Mortality of infants <6 mo of age supplemented with vitamin A: a randomised, double-masked trial in Nepal. Impact of neonatal vitamin A sup-plementation on infant morbidity and mortality. Haematological eVect of supplementing anaemic children with vitamin A alone and in combination with iron. Routine male neonatal circumcision and risk of infection with HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted diseases Routine neonatal male circumcision as policy excites strong medical opinions both for and against. In the USA over 70% of all males have been circumcised 1 while the UK's national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles found in 1990/1 that 21% of adult males (aged 16–59 years) reported having been circumcised. 2 The percentage was 13% among those aged 16–24 years but 32% for those 45–59 years indicating that British rates have declined recently, 2 as they may also have done in the USA. 3 Circumcision rates are intermediate in Canada 1 but very low in the Nordic countries. 4 These large intercountry differences are not explicable on religious grounds. 1 2 They are best explained on grounds of medico/social culture and fashion, as is the case for some other elective surgical procedures of uncertain eVectiveness. The case for routine male circumcision has rested most firmly on the observation that rates of infant urinary tract infection and adult penile cancer are lower in circumcised males. 6 However when weighed against the irreducible complication rates and costs of the procedure, these are thought insuYcient grounds to recommend routine circumcision. 1 3 7 Recently added is the observation that …